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Mathematical modeling is crucial for understanding cellular processes, revealing quantitative aspects of biological behavior beyond descriptive biology. Research explores bistability and multistationarity, showing how cells switch states and maintain phenotypes. Models also clarify gene regulation and signaling pathways, detailing cellular responses and fate decisions. Diverse modeling techniques, including algebraic approaches and network optimization, are used. General principles like conservation laws and mass action kinetics, along with computational tools, aid in simulating and analyzing network dynamics. The aim is to create a comprehensive framework for cellular function, integrating mathematical models with experimental data to advance biological and medical discoveries.