📢Convection for Distance Diffusion for Spread

A convection current can arise when particles of density ($\rho$) are immersed in a fluid of a different density ($\rho_0$). The gravitational force ($\vec{F}_g$) is not solely balanced by the buoyant force ($\vec{F}_b$); rather, a convection current with velocity $\vec{v}_0$ (the terminal velocity) is established when the drag force ($\vec{F}_d$) is included in the force balance equation. In the context of mass transport, convection and diffusion perform distinct roles. Convection is responsible for the overall bulk displacement, which dictates how far the mass pulse travels. Conversely, diffusion dictates the pulse's shape and integrity, causing it to spread, widen, and ultimately decrease in peak concentration over time. This difference is highlighted by contrasting scenarios, such as Case 2, where high convection and low diffusion allow a mass pulse to travel a great distance while retaining a sharp concentrated peak, versus Case 1, where high diffusion causes the mass to disperse quickly, resulting in a low, flat profile that is barely detectable after a period of time.

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